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Wax argument : ウィキペディア英語版
Wax argument

The wax argument or the ball of wax example is a thought experiment that René Descartes created within his ''Meditations on First Philosophy''. He devised it to analyse what properties are essential for bodies, show how uncertain our knowledge of the world is compared to our knowledge of our minds, and argue for rationalism.〔Graziano, Richard G. ("Descartes’ wax argument for the sum res cogitans". )〕〔Newman, Lex, ("Descartes' Epistemology", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.) )〕
==The thought experiment==
Descartes first considers all the sensible properties of a ball of wax such as its shape, texture, size, color, and smell. He then points out that all these properties change as the wax is moved closer to a fire. The only properties that necessarily remain are extension, changeability and movability:
These properties are however not directly perceived through the senses or imagination (the wax can be extended and moved in more ways than can be imagined). Instead to grasp the essence of the wax, it must be done through pure reason:

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